​​The Winter War (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) left a profound mark on Kuhmo, where the fighting mirrored the entire conflict in miniature.

​Soviet forces of the 54th Division crossed the border aiming to advance through Kuhmo toward Kajaani and Oulu and so cut Finland in two parts. Hostilities began at Laamasenvaara on 30 November when the Soviet forces attacked and soon battles erupted along the Saunajärvi and Hukkajärvi roads. Finnish troops, initially local men of Detached Battalion 14, later reinforced by the 9th Division, engaged in defensive actions, guerrilla raids, and counterattacks. In January 1940 the Finns launched a major counteroffensive, cutting Soviet supply lines and encircling enemy units in 'motti’ pockets for the remainder of the war.

​Key engagements included the Tyrävaara battle in December 1939, where Detachment Kekkonen halted Soviet advances, and the Kilpelänkangas battles in February 1940. At Vetko the Finnish forces destroyed the Dolin Ski Brigade, illustrating the unique challenge posed by Soviet ski troops. Despite harsh conditions and limited resources, Finnish resilience prevented the Soviets from reaching Kuhmo’s center. However, the enemy maintained strong positions until the end of the war.

​Civilian life in Kuhmo was deeply affected: evacuations, loss of homes, and constant threat of bombardment shaped daily existence. Today, the Winter War Museum in Kuhmo preserves this history through photographs, authentic artifacts, and scale models, including the Luelahti encirclement battle and Soviet aircraft. Exhibits highlight themes such as frontline service, medical care, and the post-war period, offering insight into both soldiers’ experiences and the hardships endured by civilians.

​The battles of Kuhmo exemplify Finland’s defensive spirit: resourceful, determined, and deeply tied to the forested landscape. Memorials at sites like Kilpelänkangas stand as tribute to those who fought and fell in defence of their homeland.